propaganda: the use of selected bits of information, both true and false, to get people back to their country’s war effort.

war of attrition: a slow wearing-down process in which each side was trying to outlast the other.

contraband: war materials supplied by a neutral nation to a belligerent one.

atrocities: brutal acts against defenseless civilians.

2. Identify and explain the significance:

Central Powers: The Ottoman Empire, which extended from the North Sea to the Middle East.

Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, and Russia, also known as the Allies.

U-boats: underwater boats.

Woodrow Wilson: the US president.

Arthur Zimmermann: a high official in the German foreign ministry.

commercial capitalism: before the Industrial Revolution, when capitalists were merchants who bought and sold goods.

industrial capitalism: during the Industrial Revolution, when capitalists became more involved in producing and manufacturing goods.

interchangeable parts: identical parts for guns and other products.

mass production: the system of producing large numbers of identical items.

corporations: groups of businesses that allowed people to buy stock in those companies.

monopoly: complete control of the production or sale of a single good or service.

cartels: combinations of businesses.

business cycle: alternating periods of prosperity and decline.

depression: when factories closed, the economy would sink into a depression.

1. Define and explain the significance:
free enterprise: natural economic forces.

laissez-faire: Smith’s ideas of the government not being allowed to meddle in the operations of business, which supported employers who wanted to buy labor as cheaply as possible. Means “let it be,” or “leave things alone,” in French.

humanitarians: people who work to improve the conditions of others.

utilitarianism: Jeremy Bentham’s theory that law was useful if it led to “the greatest happiness of the greatest number” of people.

strike: when a large group of workers stops working.

unions: associations that collected dues to pay workers if they went on strike.

collective bargaining: the process of negotiation where agreements were written into contracts lasting for a fixed period of time.

2. Identify and explain the significance:
Adam Smith: focused on the creation of wealth, noting the importance of manufacturing as well as agriculture. Wrote “Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,” in 1776. Considered the founder if classical economics today. Also reasoned the laws of supply and demand.

b. The Nationalist movement grew and changed by the Nationalist army growing even stronger. Chiang became a part of the conservative right wing. After the Northern Expedition, China gained certain lands. China then became a Nationalist government.

c. Factors that led to the rise of communism are a small group of Chinese intellectuals founded the Chinese Communist party. They built strong party organizations and labor unions in the cities, and also defeated regional warlords.

b. What attitudes might Chinese rulers have had toward foreigners during the period of the Ming and Qing dynasties?
They did not want to be conquered, so they decided to strengthen the Great Wall of China.

2. Identify and explain the significance:
Opium War: The conflict between China and Britain that lasted from 1839 to 1842.

Treaty of Nanjing: China gave the island of Hong Kong to the British.

Taiping Rebellion: Lasted from 1850 to 1864.

Diet: a two-house national assembly created by the new constitution.

Sino-Japanese War: when both Japan and China sent armed forces to Korea.

Treaty of Shimonoseki: ended the Sino-Japanese War.

Mongkut: Siam’s king, who ascended to power in 1851.

Liliuokalani: Hawaii’s queen.

Emilio Aguinaldo: led the Filipinos in a fight for independence.

enclosure movement: when, in the 1500s and 1600s, common lands in England began to be enclosed into individual plots.

crop rotation: a common Dutch practice in which farmers would plant different plants in the field each year.

Industrial Revolution: an era of rapid industrial development following the Agricultural Revolution.

factors of production: land, capital, and labor.

mechanization: the process of automatic machinery being used to increase production.

factory system: the use of machines to create a fixed rate for workers and have production last a minimal amount of time.

vulcanization: the process of making rubber less sticky.

2. Identify and explain the significance:

Jethro Tull: invented a seed drill that made it possible to plant seeds in straight rows.

Richard Arkwright: invented a way to drive the spinning “jenny” by waterpower.

Eli Whitney: invented the cotton gin, a machine that could clean much more cotton in a day than hand laborers could.

James Watt: studied and improved Thomas Newcomen’s engine.

Henry Bessemer: developed the Bessemer process, a cheaper and more efficient method of making steel.

Robert Fulton: the first to build a profitable steamboat.

Samuel Morse: created Morse code and invented the telegraph.

Carbonari: a secret society nationalists formed because they could not work openly.

Giuseppe Mazzini: one of the most famous Carbonari.

Young Italy movement: a movement dedicated to spreading the ideas of risorgimento.

King Victor Emmanuel II: wanted to expand Sardinian territory, but was not especially sympathetic to the liberals.

Camillo Benso de Cavour: King Victor’s chief minister, who was a republican and an Italian patriot.

Napoleon III: French emperor who wanted to increase French influence.

Giuseppe Garibaldi: a man devoted to Italian freedom who led the way for the Italian nationalists.

4. a. What two events led to new nationalist movements for unification in Italy?
The Young Italy movement and when Italian patriots in Tuscany, Modena, and Parma overthrew their Austrian rulers and asked ro be annexed to the kingdom of Sardinia.

b. Who were the important leaders in the fight for unification?
Giuseppe Mazzini, King Victor Emannuel II, Camillo Benso de Cavour, Napoleon III, and Giuseppe Garibaldi.

c. Why did the kingdom of Sardinia rake the lead in Italian unification?
King Victor Emannuel II wanted to expand Sardinian territory.

plebiscite: people could vote only yes or no and could not suggest any changes.

nationalism:  the love of one’s country.

scorched-earth policy: burning or destroying crops and everything else the Grand Army might need.

2. Identify and explain the significance:

Napoleonic Code: the French laws organized by Napoleon’s scholars.

Concordat: an agreement with the pope that ended the strained relations between the French government and the Roman Catholic Church.

Horatio Nelson:  led a British fleet in 1805 that defeated a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain.

Duke of Wellington: led and army sent by the British to help the Spanish and Portuguese people rise up against the French.